Intervention effects of occupational health promotion for pre-employment workers / 中国职业医学

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of occupational health intervention measurements on occupational health of pre-employment workers. METHODS: Four hundred and three pre-employment workers from different types of occupations and enterprises of different industries in Urumqi from October 2013 to December 2014 were selected as the study objects.Health education intervention measurements including occupational health knowledge,occupational protection theory and practical operations were carried out through expert lectures, distributing promotional materials, on-site or network consulting and other means,which was performed twice per month for over 10 times. A questionnaire survey was performed before and after the intervention on occupational disease prevention and treatment knowledge,attitude and occupational health education demands among the workers. RESULTS: Among the 403 study subjects,the total awareness rate of occupational disease prevention and treatment knowledge after intervention was higher than that before intervention( 88. 09% vs 49. 63%,P < 0. 01). The total positive rate of occupational disease prevention and treatment attitude was higher than that before the intervention( 96. 03% vs 62. 28%,P < 0. 01). The total demand rate of occupational health education was increased compared to that before the intervention( 84. 62% vs 48. 64%,P < 0. 01). CONCLUSION: The occupational health promotion for pre-employment workers can increase the workers 'awareness of occupational disease knowledge,understand and identify occupational disease hazards,and strengthen their consciousness of self protection. It is one of the effective ways to protect the employees' physical and mental health and avoid occupational hazards.

Acute coronary syndrome in women below 50 years of age: risk factors and clinical and angiographic features / 南方医科大学学报

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the risk factors and angiographic features of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) in women below 50 years of age.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A total of 131 women with ACS aged 50 years or younger were enrolled in this study as the case group, with another 425 women aged below 50 years with normal coronary angiographic findings as the control group. The risk factors and clinical and coronary angiographic features of ACS were analyzed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Compared with the control group, significantly higher frequencies of dyslipidemia, hypertension (especially diastolic hypertension), diabetes, or a positive family history for coronary artery disease (CAD) were found in ACS group (P<0.05) . The proportion of post-menopausal women and the menopausal ages were similar between the two groups (P>0.05), but the mean diastolic pressure was significantly higher in ACS group than in the control group (P<0.05). Among the menopausal women, the conventional risk factors for ACS were similar between the two groups with the exception of family history CAD, which was more frequent in ACS group. Serum total cholesterol and triglyceride levels were significantly higher in ACS group than in the control group (P<0.05), but the levels of high- and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were comparable between them. Positive findings of urine protein were more frequent in ACS group. In ACS group, 54.2% of the patients had a single diseased artery, 29.6% had more than one diseased artery, and 16.0% had slightly diseased or even normal coronary arteries; the lesion was found most commonly in the left anterior descending artery.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>In women with ACS below 50 years of age, the risk factors of ACS included the conventional risk factors of CAD and a positive finding of urine protein. Menopause is not associated with an increased incidence of ACS. A substantial portion of these ACS patients can have slightly diseased and even normal coronary arteries.</p>

High glucose promotes vascular smooth muscle cell calcification by activating WNT signaling pathway / 南方医科大学学报

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate whether high glucose-induced vascular calcification is associated with WNT signaling pathway.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>An in vitro model of human vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) calcification was induced by exposure of the cells to high glucose. The expressions of WNT signal molecules and bone-related proteins including Cbfa1, Osx, OCN and BMP2 were analyzed with qRT-PCR, and the cell calcification was assessed by alizarin red staining. The effect of Dkk1, a WNT signaling inhibitor, on high glucose-induced cell calcification was tested with alizarin red staining and calcium content analysis.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>High glucose activated WNT signaling pathway in human VSMCs by up-regulating the expressions of WNT signal molecules including Wnt3a, Wnt7a, Fzd4 and Wisp1 mRNA by 1.86, 1.68, 2.1, and 2.3 folds, respectively, and by promoting the phosphorylation of β-catenin (2.70∓0.22, P<0.05), a key mediator of WNT signaling pathway. Inhibition of WNT signaling pathway by Dkk1 attenuated high glucose-induced VSMC calcification and down-regulated the expression of bone-related proteins Cbfa1, Osx, OCN, and BMP2 by (51∓9)%, (58∓11)%, (56∓10)%, and (62∓10)% (P<0.01).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>WNT signaling pathway is involved in high glucose-induced VSMC calcification.</p>

Research progress on periventricular white matter damage pathogenesis in preterm infants / 中国当代儿科杂志

Periventricular white matter damage is one of the characteristics of brain damage in preterm infants, and it is the most important type of encephalopathy. The pathological changes including the white matter of coagulation necrosis, oligodendrocyte damage, myelin damage, axonal injury and reactive gliosis and microglia infiltration in necrotic areas. All of these lesions are closely related to the nervous system sequelae in later-neonatal period. The pathogenesis of periventricular leukomalacia in premature infants are mainly cause by its immature brain vascular, and precursor oligodendrocytes of the attack of hypoxia, ischemia, infection, oxygen free radicals, inflammatory cytokines, increasing glutamate, and other high-risk factors. In this paper, an overview of progress in the study of the pathogenesis of periventricular white matter damage in premature infants through literature review to provide a theoretical support for clinical prevention, diagnosis and treatment.

Risk factors and outcomes for retinopathy of prematurity in neonatal infants with a birth weight of 1,501-2,000 g in a Chinese Neonatal Unit

To determine the risk factors and outcomes of retinopathy of prematurity [rop] in infants with a birth weight of 1,501-2,000 g. Materials and methods: clinical characteristics and risk factors were compared and nonconditional logistic regression analysis was performed to determine independent predictors for rop. There were 54 [9.8%] cases of rop in 553 patients with a birth weight of 1,501-2,000 g. The most common classification of rop was in stage 1 [50/54, 92.6%; stages 2 and 3 rop: 2 infants each]. By logistic regression analysis, the following factors independently predicted rop: gestational age at birth

Retrograde percutaneous recanalization of chronic total occlusion of the coronary arteries via epicardial coronary collateral artery in 5 patients / 中华心血管病杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>to explore the feasibility of percutaneous recanalization by retrograde approach via epicardial collaterals.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>retrograde percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) via epicardial collaterals was performed in 5 patients with previously failed antegrade PCI from April 2009 to November 2009. 7 F guiding catheters were engaged in donor artery. Hydrophilic wires and microcatheters were crossed to the distal ends of chronic total occlusion (CTO) lesions via epicardial collaterals. Four retrograde wires were exchanged into stiffer wires and further crossed the CTO, eventually went into the 6 F antegrade guiding catheters and were jailed by a 2.5 mm balloon. After dilatations of retrograde balloons, the lesions were crossed by antegrade wires, and finalized by conventional PCI method. One case was recanalized with retrograde wire trapping technique and another case was recanalized by reverse CART technique.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>the epicardial collaterals were reached from left anterior descending branch (LAD) to distal right coronary artery (RCA) via apex in 3 patients, from left circumflex branch via left atrium branch to posterior descending artery and RCA in 1 patient and from obtuse marginal artery to diagonal artery and LAD in 1 patient. CTO was successfully recanalized and stents were implanted in 4 patients and failed in 1 patient despite successful wire positioning to the distal end of CTO. There was no procedure-induced cardiovascular event in all cases.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>epicardial collaterals may not be used as a routine route in retrograde approach PCI due to the potential risk of myocardial rupture and pericardial tamponade. In some cases with unavailable or unsuitable septal collaterals, epicardial collaterals may be used as an alternative route for CTO recanalization.</p>

Pathogenic bacteria of childhood lower respiratory tract infection / 中国当代儿科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the pathogenic bacteria of lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI), and age and gender distribution and drug resistance of the pathogenic bacteria in children.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Sputum specimens for bacterial cultures were collected in sterile tubes from all of the children with LRTI who had been admitted to the Children's Hospital of Zhejiang University between August 2001 and July 2002. Antibiotic susceptibility tests were performed using the Vitek system, the Kirby-Bauer diffuse method and the Etest method after bacteria were identified.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Among the 4,238 patients with LRTI during the study period, 1,181 patients were bacteria-positive, with a positive rate of 27.9%. Streptococcus pneumoniae (S. pneumoniae) was the most common (222 strains), followed by Haemophilus influenzae (H. influenzae) (216 strains), Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) (216 strains), Escherichia coil (E. coli) (169 strains) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) (89 strains). The isolation rate of S. pneumoniae in females was significantly higher than in males (6.2% vs 4.7%; P < 0.05). However, the isolation rates of K. pneumoniae and S. aureus in males were higher than in females (5.1% vs 4.1% and 2.5% vs 1.5%, respectively; P < 0.05). A higher incidence of LRTI due to S. pneumoniae and H. influenzae was found in the 1-3 years group, while the incidence of LRTI due to K. pneumoniae, E. coli, S. aureus and E. cloacae was higher in patients under 1 year of age. Antibiotic susceptibility tests showed that rates of penicillin non-susceptible S. pneumoniae, ampicillin resistant H. influenzae, oxacillin-resistant S. aureus and ESBL-positive K. pneumoniae and E. coli were 55.0%, 16.5%, 41.2%, 42.6% and 4.5%, respectively.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, K. pneumoniae, E. coli and S. aureus were common pathogens of LRTI in children. The infection rate varied with age and gender. Antibiotics for treating LRTI should be selected based on the drug susceptibility test.</p>

Molecular cloning of an amidase gene from Nocardia sp. and its expressionin Escherichia coli / 生物工程学报

The amidase of Nocardia sp. is one of important industrial enzymes. Based on DNA and protein sequence alignment from different strains, a new gene of amidase was successfully cloned from Nocardia YS-2002, which is widely used for industrial production of acrylamide in China. DNA sequence analyses showed that the 1466bp cloned-fragment contains promoter, open reading frame and terminating-palindrome. Protein sequence alignment and phylogenetic tree analyses showed that the amidase coming from Nocardia sp. YS-2002 is a kind of specialamidase, without the typical conserved sequence of the amidases. Enzymatic characteristics predictions indicated that the molecular weight and pI of the new amidase is approximately 38.05 kD and 4.88, respectively, and it would be stable when heterogeneously expressed in E. coli. By inserting the ORF of the amidase into plasmid pET-28a(+), a recombinant strain, pEAB, was selected using E. coli BL21(DE3) as the host. SDS-PAGE analyses of both the whole cells and ultrasonic-treated cells confirmed the feasibility of the heterogeneous expression of amidase in the recombinant E. coli. But the activity of amidase in E. coli BL21(DE3) not more than 0.5 u/mg, because most of the enzymes expressed were formed as inclusion bodies.

Association of the polymorphism of macrophage migration inhibitory factor gene with coronary heart disease in Chinese population / 中华医学遗传学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>Inflammation is involved in the process of coronary heart disease (CHD). Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a proinflammatory cytokine which can inhibit the random migration of macrophages and concentrate macrophages at the inflammatory site, and is thought to play an important role in cell mediated immunity. The present study is to investigate the association of the -173 G/C polymorphism of MIF gene with the outcome of the CHD.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>One hundred and thirty-eight patients with coronary angiography (CAG) proved CHD were studied, and 163 healthy matched controls in Guangdong were studied. Patients and controls were genotyped for a single nucleotide polymorphism in the 5'-flanking region at position -173 of the MIF gene, using PCR-RFLP analysis, followed by DNA sequencing identification.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Only MIF -173G/G and MIF -173G/C genotypes were detected in CHD patients and controls. The MIF -173 G allele was detected in 0.966 of normal controls and 0.917 of patients, while MIF -173 C allele was detected in 0.034 of normal controls and 0.083 of patients. Individuals possessing a MIF-173*C genotype have an increased risk of CHD (16.7% versus 6.8%) (OR: 2.764, 95% CI: 1.295-5.899; P= 0.007).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>These results suggest that MIF -173G /C polymorphism was associated with CHD in Chinese population, the MIF -173C allele might be a risk factor for CHD in Chinese Han nationality.</p>

Drug-resistance of staphylococcus aureus and detection of mecA gene in all strains isolated from children in Hangzhou / 中华儿科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the resistance of staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) isolated from children in Hangzhou to antibiotics and analyze the clinical value of mecA-PCR in determining oxacillin-resistant isolates.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>S. aureus isolates were screened by using latex agglutination test and identified with GPI card of Vitek system. Antibiotics sensitivity tests were performed using disk diffusion methods and tests for sensitivity to oxacillin and vancomycin were performed with a further E-test method. The mecA gene was detected with polymerase-chain reaction (PCR).</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Of all 259 S. aureus strains, 185 from clinical specimens in inpatients and 74 from pharyngeal swabs in healthy children, 247 strains (95.8%) were beta-lactamase-positive and resistant to penicillin, while 91.1% of all strains were sensitive to oxacillin. All the strains were sensitive to vacomycin and 91.9% of all the strains were susceptible to cefotaxime and ceftriaxone. Resistance to erythromycin, tetracycline, clindamycin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, chloramphenicol, ofloxacin and rifampin were 48.3%, 30.9%, 21.6%, 11.2%, 10.0%, 2.3% and 1.5%, respectively. The resistance rate to oxacillin, cefotaxime, and ceftriaxone in clinical strains were significantly higher than that in carried strains (P < 0.05), while erythromycin-resistance rate was significantly higher in carried strains than that in clinical isolates (P < 0.05). The mecA-PCR showed that the control strain ATCC25923 and all oxacillin-sensitive S. aureus were mecA-negative, while all oxacillin-resistant strains were mecA-positive instead. Only one strain was mecA-positive in 7 oxacillin-intermediate S. aureus strains.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Oxacillin-resistance in S. aureus isolates was low, and mecA-PCR method is a good choice for rapid examination oxacillin-resistant strains.</p>

The AGT genotype affects the antihypertensive effects of benazepril / 中华心血管病杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the association between M235T variant of angiotensinogen (AGT) gene and the blood pressure response to benazepril in a hypertensive cohort.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Benazepril (10-20 mg/day) was administered for 6 weeks to 251 essential hypertensives. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) combined with restriction enzyme digestion was used to detect the polymorphism and the patients were classified as MM, MT or TT genotype. The changes in systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP) were analyzed for association with genotypes at the AGT gene locus.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The MM genotype was observed in 23 patients (9.2%), the MT genotype in 104 patients (41.4%) and the TT genotype in 124 patients (49.4%). There was no association between these polymorphisms and the blood pressure responses in the total 251 patients. But based on the analysis stratified by age, the association between these polymorphism and the DBP responses was found in the old patients (> or = 60 years old) subgroup, the reduction in DBP was significantly greater in patients carrying the MM compared to MT or TT genotypes (14.8 +/- 4.8 mm Hg vs. 7.9 +/- 7.7 mm Hg or 9.8 +/- 6.4 mm Hg respectively; ANOVA, P = 0.034).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The M235T polymorphism of the AGT gene was shown to influence the responses to benazepril in old hypertensive patients (> or = 60 years old). Thus, specific genotypes might predict the response to specific antihypertensive treatment.</p>

Application of bioinformatics in researches of industrial biocatalysis / 生物工程学报

Industrial biocatalysis is currently attracting much attention to rebuild or substitute traditional producing process of chemicals and drugs. One of key focuses in industrial biocatalysis is biocatalyst, which is usually one kind of microbial enzyme. In the recent, new technologies of bioinformatics have played and will continue to play more and more significant roles in researches of industrial biocatalysis in response to the waves of genomic revolution. One of the key applications of bioinformatics in biocatalysis is the discovery and identification of the new biocatalyst through advanced DNA and protein sequence search, comparison and analyses in Internet database using different algorithm and software. The unknown genes of microbial enzymes can also be simply harvested by primer design on the basis of bioinformatics analyses. The other key applications of bioinformatics in biocatalysis are the modification and improvement of existing industrial biocatalyst. In this aspect, bioinformatics is of great importance in both rational design and directed evolution of microbial enzymes. Based on the successful prediction of tertiary structures of enzymes using the tool of bioinformatics, the undermentioned experiments, i.e. site-directed mutagenesis, fusion protein construction, DNA family shuffling and saturation mutagenesis, etc, are usually of very high efficiency. On all accounts, bioinformatics will be an essential tool for either biologist or biological engineer in the future researches of industrial biocatalysis, due to its significant function in guiding and quickening the step of discovery and/or improvement of novel biocatalysts.

Serotypes and antibiotics-resistance patterns of 247 strains of Haemophilus Influenzae isolated from children in Hangzhou / 中华儿科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the serotypes and antibiotics-resistance patterns of Haemophilus influenzae isolated from children in Hangzhou.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Isolates were identified with api-NH card. Serotypes were determined with slide agglutination method. The sensitivities of 13 antibiotics against 247 strains of Haemophilus influenzae were determined in vitro with Kirby-Bauer diffusion methods and MICs of ampicillin were determined with E-test. Nitrocefin test was used to detect beta-lactamase.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Of the 247 strains isolated from children during the period from August 2001 to July 2002, 153 strains were non-typable, while 94 strains (38.1%) were typable and 90.4% and 1.1% of them belonged to type d and type b, respectively. Higher incidence of typable Haemophilus influenzae was found in male than in female children and the difference was significant (chi(2) = 5.30, P < 0.05), while between upper and lower respiratory tract infected children the difference was not statistically significant (chi(2) = 3.60, P > 0.05). Forty-one isolates (16.6%) were beta-lactamase-positive and 14 strains could not grow on medium in antibiotics sensitivity test. Of all 233 isolates tested successfully, 85.4% were susceptible to ampicillin, and the sensitivity rate to cefaclor, ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, imipenem, rifampin, clarithromycin, and chloramphenicol were as high as 98.7%, 99.6%, 99.6%, 99.6%, 98.7%, 91.0%, and 90.6%, respectively. All strains were sensitive to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, ampicillin/sulbactan and ofloxacin, while 107 strains (45.9%) were resistant to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, followed by that of tetracycline (14.6%). Resistance to ampicillin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in typable isolates was statistically significantly higher than in non-typable strains. Twenty-six strains (10.5%) were multi-resistant isolates and the multi-resistance rate in beta-lactamase-positive strains were significantly higher than that in beta-lactamase-negative strains (chi(c)(2) = 146.8, P < 0.001).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Non-typable Haemophilus influenzae was the most common type in clinical strains isolated from children in Hangzhou, while type d was the overwhelming type and type b was uncommon in typable isolates. Incidence of typable isolates was higher in male than in female children, and it was apt to intergrow with other species of pathogenic bacteria. The proportion of beta-lactamase-positive strains was not high and ampicillin or other beta-lactam actibiotics were still the treatment of choice for infections with Haemophilus influenzae.</p>

Experimental study on cerebral white matter damage in neonatal rat after intrauterine Escherichia coli infection / 中华儿科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), GFAP mRNA and interleukin-1beta mRNA (IL-1beta mRNA), tumor necrosis factor-alpha mRNA (TNF-alpha mRNA) in neonatal rat brain after intrauterine infection.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Escherichia coli (E. coli) was inoculated into both uterine horns of pregnant rats when gestation was 70% complete (15 days). The control group was treated with normal saline. The pups were killed on the postnatal day 1 (P1), P3 and P7, respectively. The cerebral white matter damage of the neonatal rats was determined by HE staining. Immunohistochemistry was used for evaluation of GFAP expression in neonatal rat brains and RT-PCR to analyze GFAP mRNA, IL-1beta mRNA and TNF-alpha mRNA expression at P1, P3 and P7.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The major histopathological changes in neonatal cerebral white matter at P7 after intrauterine infections were: weak staining of cerebral white matter and focal rarefaction. GFAP-positive cells were observed in both the control and the E. coli-treated groups. The numbers of GFAP-positive cells of the E. coli-treated group pups were markedly increased in periventricular white matter and hippocampus at P7 compared with those of the control group (periventricular white matter: 9.73 +/- 3.55 vs 5.67 +/- 1.90, P < 0.05 and hippocampus: 7.81 +/- 3.61 vs 2.16 +/- 1.11, P < 0.05, respectively). No significantly different levels of GFAP expression in corpus callosum were found between two groups (P > 0.05). The expression of GFAP mRNA in brain of the E. coli-treated neonatal rat was higher than the control at P1, P3 (P1: 0.25 +/- 0.07 vs 0.15 +/- 0.08, P < 0.05 and P3: 0.50 +/- 0.09 vs 0.39 +/- 0.08, P < 0.05, respectively), but the expression of GFAP mRNA in brain of the neonatal rat at P7 had no significant difference between two groups (P > 0.05). The expression of IL-1beta mRNA and TNF-alpha mRNA in brain of the E. coli-treated neonatal rat were higher than of the control at P1 (IL-1beta mRNA: 0.83 +/- 0.19 vs 0.50 +/- 0.30, P < 0.05 and TNF-alpha mRNA: 0.74 +/- 0.30 vs 0.30 +/- 0.20, P < 0.05, respectively), but the expression of IL-1beta mRNA and TNF-alpha mRNA in brain of the neonatal rat at P3 and P7 had no significant difference between two groups (P > 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The intrauterine infection could cause neonatal white matter damage and IL-1beta, TNF-alpha may be a mechanism mediating between the two events.</p>

Bone turnover and early parenteral calcium supply in preterm infants / 浙江大学学报·医学版

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the dynamic change in biochemical markers of bone turnover in preterm infants and the effect of early parenteral calcium supply.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Forty preterm infants were divided into parenteral calcium supply group and control group. Blood and urine samples were collected at 24 h and 11 d after birth. Serum osteocalcin (OC) was measured with ELISA, serum carboxyterminal telopeptide type I collagen (ICTP) with radioimmunoassay, serum alkaline phosphatase (AKP), calcium, phosphate, and urine calcium, phosphate, creatinine with automatic biochemical analyzer. Blood samples were also collected from 22 term infants as control. Calcium gluconate (10%, 4 ml/kg x d(-1)) was administered intravenously in parenteral calcium supply group.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>At 24 h, serum AKP, ICTP [(147.86+/- 44.87)IU, (57.36+/- 6.34)micro g/L] in preterm infants were significantly higher than those [(147.86+/- 44.87)IU, (57.36+/- 6.34)micro g/L] in term infants, and negatively correlated with gestational age and birth weight (r =-0.528, P<0.01; -0.614, P< 0.01), but serum OC [(648.77+/- 238.89) nmol/L] in preterm infants was lower than that [(851.68+/- 238.69)nmol/L] of term infants, and positively correlated with gestational age and birth weight (r=0.359, P< 0.05; 0.376, P< 0.01). At 11 day, serum OC [947.25+/- 335.47)nmol/L] in preterm infants was markedly elevated and reached the level of term infants [(941.65+/- 297.28)nmol/L], but serum ICTP [(65.44+/- 6.24)micro g/L] in preterm infants was higher than that [(57.10+/- 3.48)micro g/L] in term infants all along. Serum AKP [(246.00+/-66.64)IU] in parenteral calcium supply group was higher than that [(206.53+/- 53.9)IU] in the control group. There were no significantly differences in serum OC and ICTP between parenteral calcium supply group and the control group. Calcium in serum and urine was elevated, phosphate in serum and urine was reduced in the parenteral calcium supply group. Urine analysis and kidney ultrasounds were normal.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>There is active bone formation and bone resorption in preterms as compared with terms. Alone parenteral calcium supply during early life can not increase formation of bone protein or decrease degradation of bone collagen, but can elevate serum calcium and urine calcium levels. Hematuria and renal calcification were not found in short duration.</p>